International Short Stories: The Americanization of Shadrach Cohen
Bruno Lessing
United States, 1903
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Bruno Lessing (1870 - 1940) was born in the United States, in New York. His real name was Rudolph Block but the won fame as a short-story writer for magazines under the by-line of Bruno Lessing. He worked first as a news reporter and later became the editor of the comic supplement of the Hearst newspapers. His books include the story collections With the Best Intention (1914) and Children of Men, from which this story is taken. Lessing received high critical praise for his depictions of Jewish life in New York.
THE CONTEXT OF THE STORY
The story takes place in New York City at the turn into the twentieth century. In the latter part of the nineteenth century, many Fewish immigrants fled their countries primarily to escape religious persecution. Most came to America with little money and had to struggle to survive. They left the ghettos of Russia (neighborhoods to which Fews were restricted) to live in the ghettos of New York (poor sections of the city occupied by minority groups). In this story, Lessing writes about a family who came to the States with enough money to open a store on Hester Street, then the center of Jewish ghetto life on New York’s Lower East Side.
Referemes to the Fewish religion include ringlets (men’s uncut sideburns: a sign of allegiance to God); A praying cap (a small head covering that, by symbolically separating man from God, shows reverence and respect); Grace after meals (a Hebrew prayer said to thank God for the food); Jehovah (God); the saying "Honor your father and your mother" (one of the Ten Commandments, the fundamental laws of Fudaism); the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Hebrew Bible); and the Shadchen (matchmaker, a person who arranges marriages).
THE FIRST LINE OF THE STORY
The first line of the story reads, "There is no set rule for the turning of the worm; most worms, however, turn unexpectedly." This line is based on the proverbs, "Even a worm will turn" and "Tread on a worm and it will turn", which mean that even the humblest persons will resent extreme ill treatment and/or that there are limits to patience.
There is no set rule for the turning of the worm; most worms, however, turn unexpectedly. It was so with Shadrach Cohen.
He had two sons. One was named Abel and the other Gottlieb. They had left Russia five years before their father, had opened a store on Hester Street with the money he had given them. For reasons that only business men would understand they conducted the store in their father’s name and, when the business began to prosper and they saw an opportunity of investing further capital in it to good advantage, they wrote to their dear father to come to this country.
"We have a nice home for you here," they wrote. "We will live happily together."
Shadrach came. With him he brought Marta, the serving-woman who had nursed his wife until she died, and whom, for his wife’s sake, he had taken into the household. When the ship landed he was met by two dapper looking young men, each of whom wore a flaring necktie with a diamond in it. It took him some time to realize that these were his two sons. Abel and Gottlieb promptly threw their arms around his neck and welcomed him to the new land. Behind his head they looked at each other in dismay. In the course of five years they had forgotten that their father wore a gaberdine — the loose, baglike garment of the Russian Ghetto — and had a long, straggling grey beard and ringlets that came down over his ears-that, in short, he was a perfect type of the immigrant whose appearance they had so frequently ridiculed. Abel and Gottlieb were proud of the fact that they had become Americanized. And they frowned at Marta.
"Come, father," they said. "Let us go to a barber, who will trim your beard and make you look more an American. Then we will take you home with us."
Shadrach looked from one to the other in surprise.
"My beard?", they explained to him, "no one wears a beard like yours expect the newly landed Russian Jews."
Shadrach’s lips shut tightly for a moment. Them he said:
"Then I will keep my beard as it is. I am a newly landed Russian Jew." His sons clinched their fists behind their backs and smiled at him amiably. After all, he held the purse-strings. It was best to humour him.
"What shall we do with Marta?" they asked. "We have a servant. We will not need two."
"Marta," said the old man, "stays with us. Let the other servant go. Come, take me home: I am getting hungry."
They took him home, where they had prepared a feast for him. When he bade Marta sit beside him at table Abel and Gottlied promptly turned and looked out of the window. They felt that they could not conceal their feelings. The feast was a dismal affair. Shadrach was racking his brains to find some explanation that would account for the change that had come over his sons. They had never been demonstrative in their affection for him, and he had not looked for an effusive greeting. But he realized immediately that there was a wall between him and his sons; some change had occurred; he was distressed and puzzled. When the meal was over Shadrach donned his praying cap and began to recite the grace after meals. Abel and Gottlied looked at each other in consternation. Would they have to go through this at every meal. Better-far better-to risk their father’s displeasure and acquaint him with the truth at once. When it came to the response Shadrach looked inquiringly at his sons. It was Abel who explained the matter:
"We-er-have grown out of-her-that is er-done away with-er-sort of fallen into the habit, don't you know, of leaving out the prayer at meals. it's not quite American!"
Shadrach looked from one to the other. Then, bowing his head, he went on with his prayer.
"My sons," he said, when the table had been cleared. "it is wrong to omit the prayer after meals. It is part of your religion. I do not know anything about this America or its customs. But religion is the worship of Jehovah, who has chosen us as His children on earth, and the same Jehovah rules supreme over America even as He does over the country that you came from."
Gottlieb promptly changed the subject by explaining to him how badly they needed more money in their business. Shadrach listened patiently for a while, then said:
"I am tired after my long journey. I do not understand this business that you are talking about. but you may have whatever money you need. After all, I have no one but you two." He looked at them fondly. then his glance fell upon the serving-woman, and he added, quickly:
"And Marta."
"Thank God," said Gottlieb, when their father had retired, "he does not intend to be stingy."
"Oh, he is all right," answered Abel. "After he gets used to things he will become Americanized like us."
To their chagrin, however, they began to realize, after a few months, that their father was clinging to the habits and customs of his old life with a tenacity that filled them with despair. The more they urged him to abandon his ways the more eager he seemed to cling to them. he seemed to take no interest in their business affairs, but he responded, almost cheerfully, to all their requests for money. He began to fell that this, after all, was the only bond between him and his sons. And when had pocketed the money, they would shake their heads and sigh.
"Ah, father, if you would only not insist upon being so old-fashioned!" Abel would say.
"And let us fix you up a bit," Gottlieb would chime in.
"And become more progressive — like the other men of your age in this country."
"And wear your beard shorter and trimmed differently."
"And learn to speak English."
Shadrach never lost his temper; never upbraided them. he would look from one to the other and keep his lips tightly pressed together. And when they has gone he would look at Marta and would say:
"Tell me what you think, Marta. tell me what you think."
"it is not proper for me to interfere between father and sons," Marta would say. And Shadrach could never induce her to tell him what she thought. But he could perceive a
gleam in her eyes and observed a certain nervous vigor in the way she cleaned the pots and pans for hours after these talks, that fell soothingly upon his perturbed spirit.
As we remarked before, there is no rule for the turning of the worm. Some worms, however, turn with a crash. IT was so with Shadrach Cohen.
Gottlieb informed his father that he contemplated getting married.
"She is very beautiful ," he said, holding out his hand, "God bless you! It's the very best thing you could do. Marta, bring me my hat and coat. Come, Gottlieb. Take me to see her. I cannot wait a moment. I want to see my future daughter-in-law at once. how happy your mother would be if she were alive today!"
Gottlieb turned red and hung back.
"I think, father," he said, "you had better not go just yet. Let us wait a few days until the Shadchen has made all the arrangements. She is an American girl. She — she won't — er — understand your ways-don't you know? And it may spoil everything."
Crash! Marta had dropped an iron pot that she was cleaning. Shadrach was red in the face with suppressed rage.
"So!" he said. "It has come to this. You are ashamed of your father!" then he turned to the old servant:
"marta," he said, "tomorrow we become Americanized — you and I."
There was an intonation in his voice that alarmed his son.
"You are not angry —" he began, but with a fierce gesture his father cut him short.
"Not another word. To bed! Go to bed at once."
Gottlieb was dumbfounded. With open mouth he started at his father. He had not heard that tone since he was a little boy.
"But, father —" he began.
"Not a word. Do you hear me? Not a word will I listen to. In five minutes if you are not in bed you go out of this house. remember, this is my house."
Then he turned to Abel. Abel was calmly smoking a cigar.
"Throw that cigar away," his father commanded, sternly.
Abel gasped and looked at his father in dismay.
"Marta, take that cigar out of his mouth and throw it into the fire. If he objects he goes out of the house."
With a smile of intense delight Marta plucked the cigar from Abel's unresisting lips, and incidentally trod heavily upon his toes. Shadrach gazed long and earnestly at his sons.
"Tomorrow, my sons," he said, slowly, "you will begin to lead a new life."
In the morning Abel and Gottlieb, full of dread forebodings, left the house as hastily as they could. They wanted to get to the store to talk matters over. they had hardly entered the place, however, when the figure of their father loomed up in the doorway. He had never been in the place before. He looked around him with great satisfaction at the many evidences of prosperity which the place presented. When he beheld the name "Shadrach Cohen, Proprietor" over the door he chucked. Ere his sons had recovered from the shock of his appearance a place-faced clerk, smoking a cigarette, approached Shadrach, and in a sharp tone asked:
"Well, sir, what do you want?" Sharach looked at him with considerable curiosity. Was he Americanized, too? The young man frowned impatiently.
"Come, come! I can't stand here all day. Do you want anything?"
Sharach smiled and turned to his sons.
"Send him away at once. I don't want that kind of young man in my place." Then turning to the young man, upon whom the light of revelation had quickly dawned, he said, sternly:
"Young man, whenever you address a person who is older than you, do it respectfully. Honour your father and your mother. Now go away as fast as you can. I don't like you."
"But, father," interposed Gottlieb, "we must have someone to do his work."
"Dear me," said Shadrach, "is that so? then, for the present, you will do it. And that young man over there — what does he do?"
"He is also a salesman."
"Let him go. Abel will take his place."
"But, father, who is to manage the store? Who will see that the work is properly done?"
"I will," said the father. "Now, let us have no more talking. Get to work."
Crestfallen, miserable, and crushed in spirit, Abel and Gottlieb began their humble work while their father entered upon the task of familiarizing himself with the details of the business. And even before the day's work was done he came to his sons with a frown of intense disgust.
"Bah!" he exclaimed. "It is just as I expected. You have both been making as complete a mess of this business as you could without ruining it. What you both lack is sense. If becoming Americanized means becoming stupid, I must congratulate you upon the thoroughness pf your work. Tomorrow I shall hire a manager to run this store. he will arrange your hours of work. he will also pay you what you are worth. Not a cent more. How late have you been keeping this store open?"
"Until six o'clock," said Abel.
"H'm! Well, beginning to-day, you both will stay here until eight o'clock. Then one of you can go. The other will stay until ten. You can take turns. I will have Marta send you some supper."
To the amazement of Abel and Gottlieb the business of Shadrach Conhen began to grow. Slowly it dawned upon them that in the mercantile realm they were as children compared with their father. his was the true money-maker spirit; there was something wonderful in the swiftness with which he grasped the most intricate phases of trade; and where experience failed him some instinct seemed to guide him aright. And gradually, as the business of Sharach Cohen increased, and even the sons saw vistas of prosperity beyond their wildest dreams, they began to look upon their father with increasing respect. What that had refused to the integrity of his character, to the nobility of his heart, they promptly yielded to the shrewdness of his brain. The sons of Shadrach Cohen became proud of their father. he, too, was slowly undergoing a change. A new life was unfolding itself before his eyes, he became broader-minded, more tolerant, and, above all, more flexible in his tenets. Contact with the outer world had quickly impressed him with the vast differences between his present surroundings and his old life in Russia. The charm of American life, of liberty, of democracy, appealed to him strongly. As the field of his business operations widened he came more and more in contact with American business men, from whom he learned many things — principally the faculty of adaptibility. And as his sons began to perceive that all these business men whom, in former days, they had looked upon with feelings akin to reverence, seemed to show to their father an amount of deference and respect which they had never evinced toward the sons, their admiration for their father increased.
And yet it was he same Shadrach Cohen.
From that explosive moment when he had rebelled against his sons he demanded from them implicit obedience and profound respect. Upon that point he was stern and unyielding. Moreover, he insisted upon a strict observance of every tenet of their religion. This, at first, was the bitterest pill of all. But they soon became accustomed to it. When life is light and free from care, religion is quick to fly; but when the sky grows dark and life becomes earnest, and we feel its burden growing heavy upon our shoulders, then we welcome the consolation that religion brings, and we cling to it. And Shadrach Cohen had taught his sons that life was earnest. They were earning their bread by the sweat of their brow. No prisoner, with chain and ball, was subjected to closer supervision by his keeper than were Gottlieb and Abel.
"You have been living upon my charity," their father said to them: "I will teach you how to earn your own living."
And he taught them. And with the lesson they learned many things; learned the value of discipline, learned the beauty of filial reverence, learned the serve joy of the earnest life.
One day Gottlieb said to his father:
"May I bring Miriam to supper to-night? I am anxious that you should see her."
Shadrach turned his face away so that Gottlieb might not see the joy that beamed in his eyes.
"Yes, my son," he answered. "I, too, am anxious to see if she is worthy of you."
Miriam came, and in a stiff, embarrassed manner Gottlieb presented her to his father. the girl looked I surprise at the venerable figure that stood before her — a picture of a patriarch from the Pentateuch, with a long, straggling beard, and ringlets of hair falling over the ears, and clad in the long gaberdine of the Russian Ghettos. And she saw a pair of grey eyes bent keenly upon her — eyes of shrewdness, but soft and tender as a woman's — the eyes of a strong man with a smile upon her lips, she said:
"Will you not give me your blessing?"
When the evening meal had ended, Shadrach donned his prying cap, and with bowed head intoned the grace after meals:
"We will bless Him from whose wealth we have eaten" And in fervent tones rose from Gottlieb's lips the response:
"Blessed be He!"
Bruno Lessing
United States, 1903
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Bruno Lessing (1870 - 1940) was born in the United States, in New York. His real name was Rudolph Block but the won fame as a short-story writer for magazines under the by-line of Bruno Lessing. He worked first as a news reporter and later became the editor of the comic supplement of the Hearst newspapers. His books include the story collections With the Best Intention (1914) and Children of Men, from which this story is taken. Lessing received high critical praise for his depictions of Jewish life in New York.
THE CONTEXT OF THE STORY
The story takes place in New York City at the turn into the twentieth century. In the latter part of the nineteenth century, many Fewish immigrants fled their countries primarily to escape religious persecution. Most came to America with little money and had to struggle to survive. They left the ghettos of Russia (neighborhoods to which Fews were restricted) to live in the ghettos of New York (poor sections of the city occupied by minority groups). In this story, Lessing writes about a family who came to the States with enough money to open a store on Hester Street, then the center of Jewish ghetto life on New York’s Lower East Side.
Referemes to the Fewish religion include ringlets (men’s uncut sideburns: a sign of allegiance to God); A praying cap (a small head covering that, by symbolically separating man from God, shows reverence and respect); Grace after meals (a Hebrew prayer said to thank God for the food); Jehovah (God); the saying "Honor your father and your mother" (one of the Ten Commandments, the fundamental laws of Fudaism); the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Hebrew Bible); and the Shadchen (matchmaker, a person who arranges marriages).
THE FIRST LINE OF THE STORY
The first line of the story reads, "There is no set rule for the turning of the worm; most worms, however, turn unexpectedly." This line is based on the proverbs, "Even a worm will turn" and "Tread on a worm and it will turn", which mean that even the humblest persons will resent extreme ill treatment and/or that there are limits to patience.
There is no set rule for the turning of the worm; most worms, however, turn unexpectedly. It was so with Shadrach Cohen.
He had two sons. One was named Abel and the other Gottlieb. They had left Russia five years before their father, had opened a store on Hester Street with the money he had given them. For reasons that only business men would understand they conducted the store in their father’s name and, when the business began to prosper and they saw an opportunity of investing further capital in it to good advantage, they wrote to their dear father to come to this country.
"We have a nice home for you here," they wrote. "We will live happily together."
Shadrach came. With him he brought Marta, the serving-woman who had nursed his wife until she died, and whom, for his wife’s sake, he had taken into the household. When the ship landed he was met by two dapper looking young men, each of whom wore a flaring necktie with a diamond in it. It took him some time to realize that these were his two sons. Abel and Gottlieb promptly threw their arms around his neck and welcomed him to the new land. Behind his head they looked at each other in dismay. In the course of five years they had forgotten that their father wore a gaberdine — the loose, baglike garment of the Russian Ghetto — and had a long, straggling grey beard and ringlets that came down over his ears-that, in short, he was a perfect type of the immigrant whose appearance they had so frequently ridiculed. Abel and Gottlieb were proud of the fact that they had become Americanized. And they frowned at Marta.
"Come, father," they said. "Let us go to a barber, who will trim your beard and make you look more an American. Then we will take you home with us."
Shadrach looked from one to the other in surprise.
"My beard?", they explained to him, "no one wears a beard like yours expect the newly landed Russian Jews."
Shadrach’s lips shut tightly for a moment. Them he said:
"Then I will keep my beard as it is. I am a newly landed Russian Jew." His sons clinched their fists behind their backs and smiled at him amiably. After all, he held the purse-strings. It was best to humour him.
"What shall we do with Marta?" they asked. "We have a servant. We will not need two."
"Marta," said the old man, "stays with us. Let the other servant go. Come, take me home: I am getting hungry."
They took him home, where they had prepared a feast for him. When he bade Marta sit beside him at table Abel and Gottlied promptly turned and looked out of the window. They felt that they could not conceal their feelings. The feast was a dismal affair. Shadrach was racking his brains to find some explanation that would account for the change that had come over his sons. They had never been demonstrative in their affection for him, and he had not looked for an effusive greeting. But he realized immediately that there was a wall between him and his sons; some change had occurred; he was distressed and puzzled. When the meal was over Shadrach donned his praying cap and began to recite the grace after meals. Abel and Gottlied looked at each other in consternation. Would they have to go through this at every meal. Better-far better-to risk their father’s displeasure and acquaint him with the truth at once. When it came to the response Shadrach looked inquiringly at his sons. It was Abel who explained the matter:
"We-er-have grown out of-her-that is er-done away with-er-sort of fallen into the habit, don't you know, of leaving out the prayer at meals. it's not quite American!"
Shadrach looked from one to the other. Then, bowing his head, he went on with his prayer.
"My sons," he said, when the table had been cleared. "it is wrong to omit the prayer after meals. It is part of your religion. I do not know anything about this America or its customs. But religion is the worship of Jehovah, who has chosen us as His children on earth, and the same Jehovah rules supreme over America even as He does over the country that you came from."
Gottlieb promptly changed the subject by explaining to him how badly they needed more money in their business. Shadrach listened patiently for a while, then said:
"I am tired after my long journey. I do not understand this business that you are talking about. but you may have whatever money you need. After all, I have no one but you two." He looked at them fondly. then his glance fell upon the serving-woman, and he added, quickly:
"And Marta."
"Thank God," said Gottlieb, when their father had retired, "he does not intend to be stingy."
"Oh, he is all right," answered Abel. "After he gets used to things he will become Americanized like us."
To their chagrin, however, they began to realize, after a few months, that their father was clinging to the habits and customs of his old life with a tenacity that filled them with despair. The more they urged him to abandon his ways the more eager he seemed to cling to them. he seemed to take no interest in their business affairs, but he responded, almost cheerfully, to all their requests for money. He began to fell that this, after all, was the only bond between him and his sons. And when had pocketed the money, they would shake their heads and sigh.
"Ah, father, if you would only not insist upon being so old-fashioned!" Abel would say.
"And let us fix you up a bit," Gottlieb would chime in.
"And become more progressive — like the other men of your age in this country."
"And wear your beard shorter and trimmed differently."
"And learn to speak English."
Shadrach never lost his temper; never upbraided them. he would look from one to the other and keep his lips tightly pressed together. And when they has gone he would look at Marta and would say:
"Tell me what you think, Marta. tell me what you think."
"it is not proper for me to interfere between father and sons," Marta would say. And Shadrach could never induce her to tell him what she thought. But he could perceive a
gleam in her eyes and observed a certain nervous vigor in the way she cleaned the pots and pans for hours after these talks, that fell soothingly upon his perturbed spirit.
As we remarked before, there is no rule for the turning of the worm. Some worms, however, turn with a crash. IT was so with Shadrach Cohen.
Gottlieb informed his father that he contemplated getting married.
"She is very beautiful ," he said, holding out his hand, "God bless you! It's the very best thing you could do. Marta, bring me my hat and coat. Come, Gottlieb. Take me to see her. I cannot wait a moment. I want to see my future daughter-in-law at once. how happy your mother would be if she were alive today!"
Gottlieb turned red and hung back.
"I think, father," he said, "you had better not go just yet. Let us wait a few days until the Shadchen has made all the arrangements. She is an American girl. She — she won't — er — understand your ways-don't you know? And it may spoil everything."
Crash! Marta had dropped an iron pot that she was cleaning. Shadrach was red in the face with suppressed rage.
"So!" he said. "It has come to this. You are ashamed of your father!" then he turned to the old servant:
"marta," he said, "tomorrow we become Americanized — you and I."
There was an intonation in his voice that alarmed his son.
"You are not angry —" he began, but with a fierce gesture his father cut him short.
"Not another word. To bed! Go to bed at once."
Gottlieb was dumbfounded. With open mouth he started at his father. He had not heard that tone since he was a little boy.
"But, father —" he began.
"Not a word. Do you hear me? Not a word will I listen to. In five minutes if you are not in bed you go out of this house. remember, this is my house."
Then he turned to Abel. Abel was calmly smoking a cigar.
"Throw that cigar away," his father commanded, sternly.
Abel gasped and looked at his father in dismay.
"Marta, take that cigar out of his mouth and throw it into the fire. If he objects he goes out of the house."
With a smile of intense delight Marta plucked the cigar from Abel's unresisting lips, and incidentally trod heavily upon his toes. Shadrach gazed long and earnestly at his sons.
"Tomorrow, my sons," he said, slowly, "you will begin to lead a new life."
In the morning Abel and Gottlieb, full of dread forebodings, left the house as hastily as they could. They wanted to get to the store to talk matters over. they had hardly entered the place, however, when the figure of their father loomed up in the doorway. He had never been in the place before. He looked around him with great satisfaction at the many evidences of prosperity which the place presented. When he beheld the name "Shadrach Cohen, Proprietor" over the door he chucked. Ere his sons had recovered from the shock of his appearance a place-faced clerk, smoking a cigarette, approached Shadrach, and in a sharp tone asked:
"Well, sir, what do you want?" Sharach looked at him with considerable curiosity. Was he Americanized, too? The young man frowned impatiently.
"Come, come! I can't stand here all day. Do you want anything?"
Sharach smiled and turned to his sons.
"Send him away at once. I don't want that kind of young man in my place." Then turning to the young man, upon whom the light of revelation had quickly dawned, he said, sternly:
"Young man, whenever you address a person who is older than you, do it respectfully. Honour your father and your mother. Now go away as fast as you can. I don't like you."
"But, father," interposed Gottlieb, "we must have someone to do his work."
"Dear me," said Shadrach, "is that so? then, for the present, you will do it. And that young man over there — what does he do?"
"He is also a salesman."
"Let him go. Abel will take his place."
"But, father, who is to manage the store? Who will see that the work is properly done?"
"I will," said the father. "Now, let us have no more talking. Get to work."
Crestfallen, miserable, and crushed in spirit, Abel and Gottlieb began their humble work while their father entered upon the task of familiarizing himself with the details of the business. And even before the day's work was done he came to his sons with a frown of intense disgust.
"Bah!" he exclaimed. "It is just as I expected. You have both been making as complete a mess of this business as you could without ruining it. What you both lack is sense. If becoming Americanized means becoming stupid, I must congratulate you upon the thoroughness pf your work. Tomorrow I shall hire a manager to run this store. he will arrange your hours of work. he will also pay you what you are worth. Not a cent more. How late have you been keeping this store open?"
"Until six o'clock," said Abel.
"H'm! Well, beginning to-day, you both will stay here until eight o'clock. Then one of you can go. The other will stay until ten. You can take turns. I will have Marta send you some supper."
To the amazement of Abel and Gottlieb the business of Shadrach Conhen began to grow. Slowly it dawned upon them that in the mercantile realm they were as children compared with their father. his was the true money-maker spirit; there was something wonderful in the swiftness with which he grasped the most intricate phases of trade; and where experience failed him some instinct seemed to guide him aright. And gradually, as the business of Sharach Cohen increased, and even the sons saw vistas of prosperity beyond their wildest dreams, they began to look upon their father with increasing respect. What that had refused to the integrity of his character, to the nobility of his heart, they promptly yielded to the shrewdness of his brain. The sons of Shadrach Cohen became proud of their father. he, too, was slowly undergoing a change. A new life was unfolding itself before his eyes, he became broader-minded, more tolerant, and, above all, more flexible in his tenets. Contact with the outer world had quickly impressed him with the vast differences between his present surroundings and his old life in Russia. The charm of American life, of liberty, of democracy, appealed to him strongly. As the field of his business operations widened he came more and more in contact with American business men, from whom he learned many things — principally the faculty of adaptibility. And as his sons began to perceive that all these business men whom, in former days, they had looked upon with feelings akin to reverence, seemed to show to their father an amount of deference and respect which they had never evinced toward the sons, their admiration for their father increased.
And yet it was he same Shadrach Cohen.
From that explosive moment when he had rebelled against his sons he demanded from them implicit obedience and profound respect. Upon that point he was stern and unyielding. Moreover, he insisted upon a strict observance of every tenet of their religion. This, at first, was the bitterest pill of all. But they soon became accustomed to it. When life is light and free from care, religion is quick to fly; but when the sky grows dark and life becomes earnest, and we feel its burden growing heavy upon our shoulders, then we welcome the consolation that religion brings, and we cling to it. And Shadrach Cohen had taught his sons that life was earnest. They were earning their bread by the sweat of their brow. No prisoner, with chain and ball, was subjected to closer supervision by his keeper than were Gottlieb and Abel.
"You have been living upon my charity," their father said to them: "I will teach you how to earn your own living."
And he taught them. And with the lesson they learned many things; learned the value of discipline, learned the beauty of filial reverence, learned the serve joy of the earnest life.
One day Gottlieb said to his father:
"May I bring Miriam to supper to-night? I am anxious that you should see her."
Shadrach turned his face away so that Gottlieb might not see the joy that beamed in his eyes.
"Yes, my son," he answered. "I, too, am anxious to see if she is worthy of you."
Miriam came, and in a stiff, embarrassed manner Gottlieb presented her to his father. the girl looked I surprise at the venerable figure that stood before her — a picture of a patriarch from the Pentateuch, with a long, straggling beard, and ringlets of hair falling over the ears, and clad in the long gaberdine of the Russian Ghettos. And she saw a pair of grey eyes bent keenly upon her — eyes of shrewdness, but soft and tender as a woman's — the eyes of a strong man with a smile upon her lips, she said:
"Will you not give me your blessing?"
When the evening meal had ended, Shadrach donned his prying cap, and with bowed head intoned the grace after meals:
"We will bless Him from whose wealth we have eaten" And in fervent tones rose from Gottlieb's lips the response:
"Blessed be He!"
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