U1.L10 Short but Challenging Words

1. bane- cause of death, ruin or distress. Obviously, you would avoid baneful herbs, like baneberry, and even shun baneful superstitions that could be equally harmful.

2. deign- to think it beneath one’s dignity, condescend; give. Related to the same Latin root, dignitas, as deign are dignity, dignify, dignitary, and indignant, all of which comment one one’s worthiness.

3. eke-to supplement; to manage to make a living with difficulty; to use fugally. Eke can be traced to the Latin augere and the Greek auxanein, which in turn give us words like augment and auxiliary.

4. knell-to rink in a slow, solemn way; toll; to call or announce by a mournful ringing; an omen of death or failure. The opening line of Gray’s famous elegy, “The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,” sets the mournful, reflective mood of the poem.

5. mete-to allot, distribute or apportion. Tennyson’s famous line amply illustrates the sense of measuring out: “I mete and dole unequal laws unto a savage race.”

6. moot- discussion or argument of a hypothetical law case; debatable; so hypothetical as to be meaningless. Law students sharpen their skills in a moot court where hypothetical cases are tried.

7. mulct-to punish by a fine or by depriving of something; to extract by fraud or deceit. It is from the Latin mulcta (“a fine.”).

8. plumb-perfectly vertical; directly; to test or sound with a plumb line (measure); to discover the facts of; to fathom; solve or understand. A lead weight (Latin plumbum, “lead”) was used at the end of the plumb line. The chemical symbol for lead is Pb.

9. quail-to draw back in fear; lose heart or courage; cower. A quail is also a partridge-like bird mentioned in the Bible as the sourced of the mead sent to the Israelites in the desert. The definition of the verb to quail is related to the Latin word coagulare (“coagulate”), describing what seems to happen physically when the blood “runs cold.”

10. roil-to make a liquid cloudy or muddy; to stir up or agitate; to make angry, rile. Some authoritites believe the word comes from the Old French word for “rust” or “mud,” or the Latin ruber (“red”). Others frankly admit the origin is unknown. But we can offer some interesting synonym: annoy, fret, ruffle, exasperate, provoke.

11. ruck-a heap or stack; a large quantity or crowd; mass of ordinary people or things; common run. Some words, like queen, which one referred to anyone’s wife, have moved up the social ladder; but ruck succeeded only in moving from things to humans. It still refers to people who are generally inferior.

12. shunt-to move or to turn to one side; to shift or switch from one track to another. The world may be related to shun, which also has the sense of turning away.

13. svelte-slender and graceful; suave; polished. The derivation from the Latin evellare (“to pull out”), implies that the svelte figure has, been “drawn out” like a heated glass tube.

14. thrall-a slave or bondman; a person under the moral or psychological domination of something or someone; slavery. Performers who enthrall their audiences captivate their attention.

15. tryst-an appointment, as by lovers; to meet. In Scotland the word refers to a market, but the Old French triste (“hunting rendezvous”) suggests that the Gallic hunters were not always after wild game.

Exercises

I. Which Word Comes to Mind?
In each of the following, read the statement, then circle the word that comes to mind.

1. The impoverished family barely survived the winner
(mulct, moot, eke)
2. To each according to his due
(thrall, mete, roil)
3. A house of terror for its inhabitants
(quail, ruck, deign)
4. Romeo and Juliet meet at the Friar’s cell
(knell, tryst, shunt)
5. Drink was his undoing
(svelte, plumb, bane)
6. A detour off the main road
(plumb, thrall, shunt)
7. Most models diet strenuously to keep their slender figure
(svelte, ruck, mulct)
8. The town rings a bell at curfew time
(knell, deign, mete)
9. Children annoying their nanny
(roil, shunt, tryst)
10. She world like a slave in her aunt’s household
(moot, thrall, plumb)

II. True or False?
In the space provided, indicate whether each statement is true or false.

____ 1. One would normally be proud to be counted among the ruck of humanity.
____2. The best time to appeal to someone for a favor is after he has been roiled up.
____3. The knelling of bells has a somber, saddening effect.
____4. Every girl is anxious to have a svelte figure.
____5. A person found guilty of a serious crime in moot court must serve at least the minimum service

____6. Drugs and alcohol proved to be the bane of Peter’s life.
____7. Mrs. Miller was son angry that she would not deign to read my poem..
____8. The greedy stockbroker mulcted his firm into bankruptcy.
____ 9. It was difficult for the poor farmers to eke out a living.
____ 10. Judge Medowar has meted out justice in his courtroom for twenty years.

III. Synonyms and Antonyms
Indicate whether the following pairs of words are the same, opposite, or unrelated in meaning by writing S, O, or U in the space provided.
____ 1. thrall—master
____2. moot—questionable
____3. tryst—confidence
____4. mete—assign
____5. roil—soothe

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U1.L9 Anachronism

1. anachronism: anything that is out of place in time. It is formed by the combination of the Greek roots ana (“against”) and chronos (“time”)

2. anon: soon; shortly. Used as an abbreviation, anon. means “anonymous”

3. antebellum: before the war; especially before the American Civil War. This word is formed from the Latin Prefix ante (“before”) and the root bellum (“war”)

4. antediluvian: old-fashioned; before the flood. The Latin word for “flood” is diliuvium.

5. atavism: reversion to a primitive type; resemblance to a remote ancestor. The Latin atavus means “father of a great-grandfather.”

6. augury: the art of prophecy; an omen. The original Latin word augur means “priest who presides at fertility rituals.”

7. betimes: early; promptly; before it is too late.

8. biennial: happening every two years. Biennial should not be confused with biannual, which means “twice a year”

9. diurnal: daily; of the daytime. Diurnal is contrasted with nocturnal

10. eon: long, indefinite period of time; thousand years.

11. ephemeral: short-lived; transitory. Ephemeros is a Greek word meaning “for the day”

12. epoch: noteworthy period. It comes form a Greek word meaning “pause” – almost as if mankind takes time out before entering a new important phase

13. generation: the period of time between the birth of one group and that of its offspring. A generation is about 30 years.

14. score: twenty people or objects; twenty years. It comes from the Greek word for a “scratch” or “mark” used in keeping tallies.

15. tercentenary: a period of 300 years. Ter is the Latin prefix for “three” and centenary means “hundred”

Exercises

I. Which Word Comes to Mind?
In each of the following, read the statement, then circle the word that comes to mind.

1. A woman wearing a style of dress that is completely out of date
(epoch, antediluvian, diurnal)
2. Emperor Nero looking at his wristwatch
(tercentenary, ephemeral, anachronism)
3. A young man following in his grandfather’s footsteps
(anon, atavism, score)
4. You meet your old classmates every two years at a reunion
(antebellum, betimes, biennial)
5. Your fortune is told by a gypsy
(augury, generation, eon)
6. They had been married for two decades
(eon, score, diurnal)
7. The painter believed that everyone was entitled to fifteen minutes of fame
(ephemeral, epoch, tercentenary)
8. Many inventions were introduced during the industrial Revolution
(anon, epoch, atavism)
9. Plantation life was a feature of the South in the early 1800s
(antebellum, generation, anachronism)
10. My family chore is to walk the dog each day
(biennial, antediluvian, diurnal)

II. True or False?
In the space provided, indicate whether each statement is true or false.

____ 1. Abraham Lincoln’s “Fourscore and seven” was 87 years

____ 2. Ephemeral is the opposite of “permanent”

____ 3. Someone who comes to you betimes takes his time about it

____ 4. Cotton was the great crop of the antebellum South

____ 5. The United States will have its tercentenary celebration in 2076

____ 6. An entire generation has grown up using personal computers

____ 7. To show a modern man driving up in a new car is an anachronism.

____ 8. Dinner will be served anon

____ 9. The frightening augury lashed out at the startled travelers.

____ 10. Our previous biennial reunion was in 1997 so we expect the next one in 1999

III. Fill in the Blank
Insert one of the new words in the proper space in each sentence below.

1. We spotted an ______________ in the movie when Julius Caesar looked at his wristwatch.
2. In the next decade, our company will issue five ______________ journals.
3. Industrialization spelled the end of an era for the ______________ southern states.
4. The Beatles started a musical _____________ that has gained worldwide acceptance.
5. Because of the ______________ gap, Roger found it difficult to relate to his grandson.
6. My grandfather’s _____________ notions need updating.
7. With the evident power of ____________, Liza could predict the future.
8. Guido’s interest in philately proved to be _____________ because he sold his entire collection.
9. It seemed to take an ______________ before the traffic jam allowed us to get moving again.
10. Breakfast was preceded invariably by a ______________ prayer that helped Roy get through the rest of the day.

IV. What’s the Antonym?
Which of the new words is most nearly opposite in meaning to the one provided?

1. now ________________
2. late ________________
3. modern ________________
4. permanent ________________
5. nightly ________________
6. something relevant ________________
7. nightly ________________
8. postwar ________________
9. an instant ________________
10. an advance ________________

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U1.L8 From Sunny Spain

1. aficionado: a fan; devotee. Although this word originally described bull-fighting fans, it is now used to refer to devotees of all sports.

2. barrio: part of the city where Spanish-speaking people live; ghetto.

3. bonanza: rich pocket of ore; any source of wealth. In Spanish it means “fair weather at sea.” A popular television program of the 1960s was entitled “Bonanza”

4. bravado: pretended courage

5. desperado: bold outlaw; dangerous criminal. The relationship to our word “despair” is apparent. One who is without hope can be a dangerous criminal.

6. flotilla: a small fleet. The Spanish word flota means “fleet” Flotilla, then, is a diminutive form of flota.

7. grandee: a nobleman of the highest rank

8. hacienda: large estate; country house. The Old Spanish word facienda meant “estate.” The change from f to h is apparent in many words.

9. lariat: lasso; a rope used for tethering grazing horses. Reata is “rope” in Spanish.

10. machismo: manly self-assurance; masculine drive; virility.

11. manana: tomorrow; at some indefinite time in the future. There is a perjorative twist to manana, suggesting laziness.

12. palmetto: small palm tree

13. renegade: deserter; turncoat; traitor. In Spanish, the word renegado means “to deny.”

14. siesta: midday nap. In Spanish and Latin American countries businesses often close at midday to allow for siesta time.

15. torero: bullfighter on foot. The toreador was a bullfighter on horseback, but that term is no longer used since all bullfighters today are toreros.

Exercises

I. Which word comes to Mind?
In each of the following, read the statement, then circle the word that comes to mind.

1. You go to see a performance of the opera “Carmen”
(lariat, flotilla, torero)
2. The calendar pictures a man asleep under a tree next to a lawn mower.
(barrio, bravado, manana)
3. A young man starts a fight to impress his girlfriend.
(machismo, siesta, renegade)
4. You win the lottery
(aficionado, bonanza, palmetto)
5. There is a wild police chase after the bank robber
(desperado, grandee, hacienda)
6. The FBI arrests a man for selling U.S. secrets to a foreign country
(aficionado, renegade, grandee)
7. Stores in Spain close for two hours after lunch
(siesta, hacienda, palmetto)
8. The Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria
(flotilla, barrio, manana)
9. David stands up to Goliath
(desperado, lariat, bravado)
10. A bull-fighting fan shouts, “Ole!”
(bonanza, aficionado, barrio)

II. True or False?
In the space provided, indicate whether each statement is true or false.

____ 1. A truly courageous person does not have to resort to bravado.

____ 2. Feminists have contempt for those men who display machismo.

____ 3. Ordinarily a grandee might take a siesta in his hacienda

____ 4. The Spanish Armada was too awesome to be described as a flotilla.

____ 5. A lariat can be the high point of a Spanish meal when it is seasoned properly.

____ 6. The spectators applauded the torero for his fearlessness.

____ 7. We bought an expensive barrio as a wedding gift

____ 8. Our winning lottery ticket proved to be a bonanza

____ 9. General Parker promised amnesty for any renegade who turned himself in.

____ 10. Because of his lifelong philanthropy, the desperado was honored at a White
House ceremony.

III. Fill in the Blank
Insert one of the new words in the proper space in each sentence below.

1. Since Teddy is an _____________ of baseball, we got him two tickets to the World Series.
2. Refreshed by her ______________, Maria was ready to go to work.
3. As fish prices declined, the ______________ of shrimp boats was cut in half.
4. Our new mayor proposed to tear down sections of the _____________ and build middle-income housing.
5. The _____________ was caught up on a horn of the bull and badly injured.
6. With unexpected _______________, the young man confronted the bully.
7. Movie cowboys generally are proficient with a ________________.
8. “Au revoir, so long, ciao, _____________” she said as her taxi pulled away.
9. A photograph of the ______________ appeared on the Most Wanted list in our post office.
10. On Navy Day, we stood upon the pier to watch the ____________ sail into the
Harbor.

IV. What’s the Antonym?
Which of the new words is most nearly opposite in meaning to the one provided?

1. cowardice _______________
2. patriot _______________
3. today _______________
4. weakness _______________
5. lawman _______________
6. loss _______________
7. state of alertness _______________
8. shack _______________
9. peon _______________
10. wealthy neighborhood _______________

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U1.L7 Social Sciences

1. aberrant: deviating from what is normal or typical. It comes from the Latin aberrare (“to go astray”)

2. anthropomorphism: attributing human shape to gods, objects, animals. The Greek anthropo is a combining form that means “man” or “human”

3. archetype: model; original pattern; prototype. One meaning of the Greek prefix arch is “main” or chief.”

4. authoritarian: characterized by unquestioning obedience to authority. An authoritarian figure is one who rejects individual freedom of judgment and action.

5. cathedrals: the relieving of the emotions by art; the alleviation of fears by bringing them to consciousness. This Greek word has played an important role in theater, as well as in paychiatry.

6. demography: the science of vital statistics, as of births, deaths, population, etc. It comes from the Greek root demos (“the people”) and graph (“to write”)

7. epidemiology: the branch of medicine that investigates the causes and controls of epidemics. This word is composed of two Greek roots meaning “among the people”

8. euthanasia: method of causing death painlessly, mercy killing. In Greek, it means “happy death”

9. extrovert: a person who is active and expressive, a person who is outgoing. The opposite is introvert.

10. psychic: of the psyche or mind, beyond natural or known physical processes. All of our words that begin with psych comes from the Greek word pyschikos (“of the soul”)

11. psychopath: a person afflicted with a mental disorder. The Greek root path means “suffering” or “diseases”

12. psychotherapy: using forms of mental treatment to cure nervous disorders. Therapy comes from the Greek therapeia (“one who serves or treats medically”)

13. schizophrenia: a mental disorder characterized by delusions of persecution and omnipotence. Some victims of this disease are said to have a “split personality”

14. subliminal: below the threshold of apprehensions subconscious. Limen is a Latin word meaning “threshold”

15. traums: an emotional experience that has a lasting psychic effect. The Greek word trauma means “wound”

Exercises

I. Which word comes to Mind?
In each of the following, read the statement, then circle the word that comes to mind.

1. A nurse is suspected of having given an overdoes of drugs to a cancer-ridden patient
(subliminal, euthanasia, anthropomorphism)
2. Researchers examine the tissues of the corpses.
(epidemiology, psychotherapy, psychic)
3. Man bites dog
(aberrant, authoritarian, catharsis)
4. The government issues statistics on the ten fastest growing cities
(schizophrenia, extrovert, demography)
5. A citizen of Hiroshima continues to have nightmares
(archetype, trauma, psychopath)
6. The life of the party
(catharsis, extrovert, trauma)
7. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
(schizophrenia, epidemiology, demography)
8. Commands from a dictator
(subliminal, psychic, authoritarian)
9. A family asks the doctors to “pull the plug”
(archetype, catharsis, euthanasia)
10. A Walt Disney show
(trauma, anthropomorphism, subliminal)

II. True or False?
In the space provided, indicate whether each statement is true or false.

____ 1. Psychotherapy is used to treat muscles that have atrophied

____ 2. Aberrant behavior is always welcomed by society.

____ 3. Subliminal suggestions tend to be subtle ones.

____ 4. Psychopaths and schizophrenics can be cured quickly today.

____ 5. Jupiter throwing his lightning bolts across the sky is an example of
anthropomorphism.
____ 6. Her lawyer claimed that camp experiences led to Helen’s trauma.

____ 7. Our family operates on democratic principles because Dad is an authoritarian
figure.
____ 8. The supermarket owners studied the neighborhood’s demography before building
the new store.
____ 9. Europe’s Black Plague is a fruitful study for epidemiologists.

____ 10. Euthanasia deals with young people in China.


III. Fill in the Blank
Insert one of the new words in the proper space in each sentence below.

1. It was obvious to the emergency room doctor that the patient had undergone a serious _____________.
2. Concern over the so-called “mercy killing” led the clergyman to organize a symposium on _______________.
3. The classroom was run in an ______________ fashion because the teacher scorned democratic principles.
4. We were confounded by the _______________ results of the test in which the poorest students received the highest grades.
5. Study of our neighborhood’s projected _______________ will to help us to plan for the influx of new families.
6. We usually refer to people with multiple personalities as suffering from ______________.
7. The psychologist advanced the theory that the deranged murderer was a ________________.
8. As an uninhibited ______________. Larry was the life of the party.
9. Since I am dedicated to eliminating infectious diseases, I plan to major in ______________.
10. Following a _____________ in the final act, the playwright created a happy ending.

IV. What’s the Antonym?
Which of the new words is most nearly opposite in meaning to the one provided?

1. democrat _____________
2. normal _____________
3. conscious _____________
4. shy one _____________
5. poor example ______________

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U1.L6 Mythology

1. Adonis: an exceptionally handsome young man; a plant with solitary red or yellow flowers. Adonis was beloved by both Aphrodite, the goddess of love, and Persephone, the queen of the dead. He was killed by a boar in a hunting expedition and from his life’s blood sprang up a crimson flower.

2. Bacchanal: a follower of Bacchus (Greek, Dionysus), the god of wine; a drunken reveler; an orgy. Early Greek drama developed in connection with the festival honoring this god.

3. Cassandra: a daughter of King Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy who had the gift of prophecy but was cursed by Apollo so that her prophecies, though true, were fated never to be believed; one who prophecies doom or disaster. The Trojans thought Cassandra was insane and would be destroyed if Paris went to Sparta, and that there were armed Greeks in the Wooden Horse. If either of these prophecies had been heeded, Troy would have been saved.

4. Cornucopia: abundance; horn of plenty. Named after the horn of the goat Amalthea that suckled the infant Zeus, the horn is always full of food and drink in endless supply.

5. Erotic: concerning sexual love and desire; amatory. Eros was the Greek god of love, identified by the Romans with Cupid and represented as a winged child. While erotic has retained the sexual connotation, cupidity has acquired the meaning of “greed.”

6. Herculean: tremendously difficult and demanding; resembling Hercules in size, power, or courage. Hercules was the son of Zeus and Alcmene who won immortality by performing Twelve Labors demanded by the jealous Hera.

7. Hermetic: made airtight by fusion or sealing; insulated or cloistered; magical. Hermes (Latin, Mercury) was the messenger of the gods and the god of roads, commerce, invention, cunning, and theft. A most versatile god, Hermes is identified with the caduceus, the golden staff with wings at the top and intertwined with serpents, which is the symbol of today’s medical profession.

8. Hydra: the nine-headed serpent slain by Hercules; a persistent or many-sided problem that presents new obstacles as soon as old ones are solved. The hydra had to b en slain by Hercules as one of his Twelve Labors. This monster grew two heads for each one cut off. Hercules finally destroyed the hydra by cauterizing the necks as he cut off the heads.

9. Hymeneal: pertaining to marriage; a wedding song or poem. Hymen, the god of marriage, was represented as a handsome youth holding a torch.

10. Iridescent: displaying lustrous colors like those of the rainbow. Iris was a messenger of the gods and regarded as the goddess of the rainbow.

11. Narcissism: excessive admiration of oneself; egocentrism. Narcissus was a youth who, having spurned the love of Echo, fell in love with his own image reflected in a pool, and after wasting away from unsatisfied desire was transformed into the flower that bears his name. The plant, incidentally, has narcotic effects (from Greek narke, “numbness)

12. Odyssey: a long series of wanderings, especially when filled with notable experiences or hardships. The Odyssey, called “the greatest tale of all time,” is the second epic of Homer. It recounts the wandering and adventures of Odysseus after the fall of Troy, and his eventual return home to his faithful wife Penelope.

13. Olympian: pertaining to the twelve gods of the ancient Greek pantheon whose abode was Mt. Olympus; majestic; incomparably superior; pertaining to the Olympic games. Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece, is located in northern Greece (Macedonia). It is sometimes used synonymously with “heaven” or “the Sky.”

14. Palladium: anything believed to provide protection or safety; a safeguard or guarantee of the integrity of social institutions. Palladion was the fabled statue of Pallas Athena that assured the safety of Troy as long as it remained within the city.

15. Phoenix: a person or thing of peerless beauty or excellence; a person or thing that has become renewed or restored after suffering calamity or apparent annihilation. The phoenix was a mythical bird of great beauty, fabled to live 600 years in the Arabian desert, to burn itself on a funeral pyre, and to rise form its ashes to live through another cycle. It is an emblem of immortality.

Exercises

I. Which Word Comes to Mind?]
In each of the following, read the statement, then circle the word that comes to mind.
1. Stung by Cupid’s arrow
(hydra, Cassandra, erotic)
2. A sumptuous feast
(narcissism, cornucopia, odyssey)
3. Joseph’s coat of many colors
(iridescent, hymeneal, palladium)
4. Superhuman feats of strength
(Adonis, hermetic, Herculean)
5. Wine, women, and song
(Olympian, bacchanal, phoenix)
6. Admiring himself in the mirror
(narcissism, hymeneal, palladium)
7. The male model appeared on several magazine covers
(hermetic, Herculean, Adonis)
8. This year, designers are using vivid rainbow colors
(iridescent, erotic, bacchanal)
9. Story of the journey of Ulysses
(odyssey, Olympian, palladium)
10. From last place to first place
(phoenix, narcissism, hermetic)

II. True or False?
In the space provided, indicate whether each statement is true or false.
____ 1. Phoenix and palladium both suggest permanence.
____ 2. A stick-in-the-mud would be unlikely to engage in an odyssey.
____ 3. A narcissist is a lover of flowers.
____ 4. A bacchanal would likely attend every wedding feast but his own.
____ 5. Cassandra’s song would probably be a top seller.
____ 6. The happy month held a cornucopia of good news for the family.
____ 7. I refuse to deal with iridescent complaints.
____ 8. After his plastic surgery, Ronnie was a regular Adonis.
____ 9. The president said, “Bringing peace to the Middle East is a Herculean task.”
____ 10. Feeding the hydra was very costly.

III. Find the Imposter
Find and circle the one word on each line that is not related to the other three.
1. Cassandra dramatic prophetic doomsday
2. baccalaureate revelry bacchanal Dionysian
3. wisdom metallic palladium safety
4. luxuriant cornucopia corpulent plethora
5. erotic wandering digression desultory

IV. Fill in the Blank
Insert one of the new words in the proper space in each sentence below
1. When the package was opened, out poured a veritable ______________ of goodies.
2. Filling fifty bags of leaves from our lawn in two hours proved to be a __________ task.
3. Like the ____________, our last place team rose from the ashes to become champions.
4. The designer filled her dark showroom with _____________ fabrics, which brightened it considerably.
5. As I read the autobiography, I followed the author’s _____________ from poverty to riches.
6. Receiving an Academy Award is akin to scaling ____________ heights.
7. Although he had been an ordinary looking teenager, Maxwell developed into a genuine ______________.
8. When smallpox destroyed the model’s good looks, she was cured of her ____________.
9. I always anticipate a victory but my sister remains a _______________.
10. The choir and organist launched into a beautiful _______________ as the bridal couple entered the chapel.

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U1.L5 You need treatment

1. alienist- a doctor who specializes in mental disease. Alienation referring to mental derangement or insanity. Comes from the Latin word aliento (“separation”). Thee question, “Have you taken leave of your senses?” shows the relationship to alienist.

2. amanuensis- secretary; one who copies something. IT comes from the Latin menus (”hand”) and ensis (“relating to”). In ancient times a scribe was known as an amanuensis.

3. beadle- minor official. Beadle comes from an Old French word that meant (“messenger”)- a man who preceded a procession. The functionary carrying a mace (symbolic club) at the head of a university procession is a beadle.

4. cosmetologist- and expert in cosmetics. When a woman applies cosmetics she is putting herself in order. The Latin word cosmos means order in the sense of an orderly universe. Since such order was equated with beauty, when a cosmetologist helps to apply makeup, she is maintaining the classical connection between the two.

5. dermatologist- a doctor who specializes in skin problems. From the Greek derma (“skin”). Your epidermis is your outer layer of skin.

6. entomologist- a specialist in the study of insects. In Greek, entomos means “cut up.” Insects’ bodies appear to be divided into sections or “cut up.”

7. farrier- blacksmith; iron worker. The Latin word ferranus means “of iron.”

8. graphologist- a handwriting analyst. In Greek, graphos means “to write.” Graphologist are hired as entertainers today analyzing the handwriting of guests at a party and describing their character traits and aptitudes.

9. internist- a doctor who specializes in internal medicine. In Latin, internus means “inward.” Internists are noted as diagnosticians, not surgeons.

10. lapidary- an expert in precious stones. Julie Caesar used the word lapis when he meant stone. Lapidaries cut, polish, and engrave stones.

11. ophthalmologist- a doctor who treats eyes and their diseases. From the Greek ophthalmos (“eye”). Oculist is a synonym for ophthalmologist. An optometrist prescribes eyeglasses; an optician makes or sells eyeglasses.

12. ornithologist- an expert in the branch zoology dealing with birds. It is from the Greek ornis (“bird”).

13. osteopath- one who treats ailments by placing pressure on bones and nerves. From the Greek osteo (“bone”) and pathos (“suffering”).

14. pharyngologist- a doctor who specializes in diseases of the pharynx, the cavity of the alimentary canal leading from the mouth and nasal passages to the larynx and esophagus.

15. physiologist- a biologist who deals with the functions and vital processes of living organisms. It comes from the Greek phsis (“nature”) and logos (“discourse”).

Exercises

I. Which Word Comes to Mind?
In each of the following, read the statement, then circle the word that comes to mind.

1. You need treatment for tennis elbow. (alienist, ophthalmologist, osteopath)
2. Someone may have forged your signature. (graphologist, cosmetologist, lapidary)
3. “Gnats to you!” (entomologist, farrier, pharyngologist)
4. Teenagers frequently suffer from acne (beadle, dermatologist, amanuensis)
5. “Hey, man, you’re for the birds!” (ornithologist, internist, physiologist)
6. A psychiatrist testifies at a trial (graphologist, beadle, alienist)
7. You go for a routine physical examination (farrier, internist, amanuensis)
8. a sapphire is being appraised by an expert (lapidary, ornithologist, graphologist)
9. Something got stuck in your throat (pharyngologist, cosmetologist, dermatologist)
10. Test for glaucoma (ornithologist, ophthalmologist, physiologist)

II. True or False?
In the space provided, indicate whether each statement is true or false?
___1. An alienist can give you an opinion about someone’s emotional stability.
___2. X-rays are usually employed by a competent amanuensis.
___3. The lapidary knew that the opals would make a great necklace.
___4. If you have blurred vision, you should consult an ophthalmologist.
___5. Longfellow wrote, “The Village Farrier.”
___6. An osteopath sis more similar to a chiropractor than he is to a physiologist.
___7. Estee Lauder, Helena Rubenstein, and Max Factor deal with cosmetologist.
___8. You seek out a dermatologist to analyze your handwriting.
___9. A competent amanuensis is worth a great deal to a busy executive.
___10. An ornithologist, you might say, is for the birds.

III. Fill in the Blank
Insert one of the new words in the proper space in each sentence below.
1.The expensive mascara was recommended by a trained_________________________.
2. An_________________________was hired as a technical advisor for the film The Blob.
3. To relieve my chronic back pain, I consulted an_______________________________.
4. Our talkative parrot was personally trained by a(an)____________________________.
5. Harold's___________________warned him to stay out of the sun to avoid skin cancer.
6. My little brother was taken to a _____________________when he complained of trouble swallowing.
7. We hired a __________________________from Tiffany's to cut the diamond expertly.
8. Detailed testimony from a(an) ____________________________convinced the jury that the defendant had been temporarily insane.
9. A _________________________entertained at my cousin's party, analyzing everyone's handwriting.
10. The tear in Martha's retina was diagnosed by a(an)___________________________.

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U1.L4. Sounds Italian

• Which is the fastest tempo – andante, allegretto, or adagio?
• Is fortissimo a title given to a high-ranking officer?
• Does libretto refer to the words or the music?
• Which requires more than one note, a crescendo or an arpeggio?
• Which indicates musical skill – bravura, intaglio, or imbroglio?

1. adagio – slowly, in music. The plural, adagios, refers to a slow movement in music or a slow ballet dance requiring skillful balancing.

2. andante – moderate in tempo. This is a musical direction faster than adagio but slower than allegretto. A slightly faster tempo is given the diminutive andantino.

3. arpeggio – the playing of the tones of a chord in rapid succession rather than simultaneously.

4. bravura – in music, a florid passage requiring great skill and spirit in the performer; a display of daring; a brilliant performance (used as a noun and as an adjective).

5. contralto – the lowest female voice or part, between a soprano and a tenor; a woman having such a voice.

6. crescendo – a gradual increase in the volume or intensity of sound; a music passage played in crescendo. Crescendo is also used as a verb.

7. falsetto - a typically male singing voice, the result of artificially produced tones in an upper register that go beyond the voice’s normal range.

8. fortissimo – a very loud passage, sound or tone. The word is also used as an adverb.

9. imbroglio – a confused or difficult situation; a confused heap or tangle. The original Latin word describes the situation best – inbroglio (“entangled in a bush”)

10. intaglio – a figure or design cut beneath the surface of a hard metal or stone; the art of carving in this manner; a gemstone carved in intaglio. Intaglio is in contrast with cameo, where the design is raised and differs in color from the background.

11. largo – in a slow, solemn manner (a direction in music); a slow, broad movement (noun).

12. libretto – the text of an opera or other dramatic musical work. It is the Italian diminutive of libro (“book”).
13. salvo – a simultaneous discharge of firearms; a sudden outburst of cheers or the like. It is not surprising to find that words like salutation, salutary, salve, and salvation are related to salvo since the Latin salve (“hail”), and salvus (“safe or well”), form the ancestry of both strands of meaning.

14. staccato – music performed with a crisp, sharp attack to simulate rests between successive tones; composed of abrupt, distinct, emphatic parts or sounds. This word is from the Old French word destachier(“detach”) and is contrasted with legato.
15. vendetta – blood feud; a prolonged feud marked by bitter hostility. This is the Italian word for revenge and is related to vindicate, our meaning for which is “to avenge.”

Exercises:

I. Which Word Comes to Mind?
In each of the following, read the statement, then circle the word that comes to mind.

1. A musical direction
(largo, falsetto, contralto)
2. A volley of rockets
(salvo, adagio, andante)
3. An embarrassing situation
(fortissimo, libretto, imbroglio)
4. A scrawny boy seeking to get even with a bully
(vendetta, bravura, arpeggio)
5. Machine-gun fire
(crescendo, intaglio, staccato)
6. I’m going to get you for that
(largo, vendetta, fortissimo)
7. The story of Carmen
(libretto, arpeggio, falsetto)
8. Sudden loud music drowned out our conversation
(fortissimo, staccato, andante)
9. A female singer with a surprisingly deep voice
(bravura, falsetto, contralto)
10. A carved gemstone
(imbroglio, intaglio, adagio)

II. True or False?

In the space provided, indicate whether each statement is true or false.

____ 1. A contralto has a higher-pitched voice than a soprano.

____ 2. If the direction read andante, the music should be played slowly.

____ 3. A man singing in falsetto has probably hit a wrong note.

____ 4. An intaglio design is cut below the surface.

____ 5. A participant in a vendetta tends to harbor unreasonable hatred.

____ 6. A sergeant barked out his commands in staccato fashion.

____ 7. With a salvo of fireworks, the celebration ended.

____ 8. I requested a largo tempo because the music was too slow and solemn.

____ 9. Applause for the winning candidate reached a crescendo.

____ 10. Parents were called to school to settle the imbroglio that had developed between
their children.

U1.L3. Words About Groups

1. cabal – a clique; a small group joined in a secret intrigue; a conspiracy. This French word was formed from the initials of Charles II’s ministers (Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, Lauderdale); cabal ultimately derives from the Hebrew word qabbalah, which referred to a mystical interpretation of the Scripture.

2. camaraderie – comradeship; good fellowship. Two soldiers sharing the same room (in German, kammer) usually developed a loyal and warm friendship. The Communist Party adopted the word comrade to denote a fellow member.

3. caste – a distinct social class or system. Hindu society is traditionally divided into four major hereditary castes, each class separated from the others by restrictions in marriage and occupation.

4. cortege – a group of attendants accompanying a person; a ceremonial procession. It is not surprising that cortege is related to court, a place where followers and ceremonies abound.

5. detente – a relaxing or easing, especially of international tension. After the Cold War years following World War II, the U.S. embarked on a policy of closer ties with Russia; hence was born the policy of détente.

6. echelon – a level of command or authority or rank; a steplike formation of ships, troops, or planes. Coming to English through several languages, the word echelon has descended a ladder starting with the Latin word scale, which indeed means ladder, and explains why we still “scale a ladder”

7. ecumenical – universal; general; fostering Christian unity throughout the world. The idea of ecumenism, as well as the spirit of brotherhood, was fostered by the far-reaching policies of Pope John XXIII

8. elite – the best or most skilled members of a given social group. The word is related to elect and suggest that some people are born with “a silver spoon in their mouth” or at least, are entitled to special privileges. Elite is also used as an adjective.

9. esprit de corps – a sense of union and of common interests and responsibilities. The French expression literally means “spirit of feeling as one body.” It implies not only a camaraderie but a sense of pride or honor shared by those involved in an undertaking.

10. freemasonry – secret or tacit brotherhood; instinctive sympathy. The Freemasons is an international fraternity for the promotion of brotherly love among its members, as well as a mutual assistance. It began in the Middle Ages as a class of skilled stoneworkers who possessed secret signs and passwords, a ritual that is still preserved today.

11. genealogy – lineage; science of family descent. Though our hereditary character is transmitted through genes in our chromosomes, that does not assure us that our genealogy has provided us with the most desirable traits. Much can and does happen as the generations pass.

12. hierarchy – a group of persons or things arranged in order, rank, or grade; a system of church government by clergymen in graded ranks. The Greek word hierarkhes meant “high priest.” From there it was a small step to the designation of the entire church leadership as a hierarchy. With the loss of temporal power by the church after the Middle Ages, the word now refers to any arrangement by authority or position.

13. hobnob – to associate on very friendly terms. The title of the novel To Have and Have Not is an exact translation of the original meaning of hobnob. This word was formed by a combination of the Old English words habban (to have) and navban (not to have). The modern meaning suggests the egalitarian idea of friendship not based on one’s possessions.

14. liaison – the contact maintained between military or naval units in order to undertake concerted action; a similar connection between the units of any organization; an illicit relationship between a man and a woman. This word is a cousin to ligature, a connection on the physical level similar to the connection made on an informational level by a liaison.

15. rapprochement – a reestablishing of cordial relations. If there is to be an end to war, people and nations must learn to meet each other, to approach each other, on common grounds. That is what this word implies, a coming together in friendship and trust.

Exercises

I. Which Word Comes to Mind?
In each of the following, read the statement, then circle the word that comes to mind
1. The superpowers agree to a mutual reduction of nuclear stockpiles
(cabal, echelon, rapprochement)
2. A young man breaks the engagement because his fiancé cannot afford a dowry
(caste, liaison, hierarchy)
3. Firemen risk their lives to rescue a trapped buddy (cortege, camaraderie, genealogy)
4. He associates informally with our town’s high society (détente, freemasonry, hobnob)
5. The sermon ended with a call for universal brotherhood and recognition of individual
worth (ecumenical, elite, esprit de corps)
6. A funeral procession of hundreds of mourners (cortege, freemasonry, cabal)
7. Police arrest a group of men who were plotting an assassination
(cabal, rapprochement, détente)
8. You receive an offer of a framed history of your ancestors (echelon, genealogy, caste)
9. Speaking a foreign language made the French student invaluable as a link between our two countries (esprit de corps, liaison, hierarchy)
10. Stepping in between the two warring factions, we got them to agree to a cease-fire
(elite, hobnob, détente)

II. True or False?
In the spaces provided, indicate whether each statement is true or false.
__1. The cabal holds a public forum to discuss the issue
__2. Detente involves risks and compromises by both sides.
__3. A member of the elite feels that the world is his oyster.
__4. Esprit de corps denotes a stronger bond than camaraderie.
__5. A liaison serves a purpose similar to that of a go-between.
__6. The gossip columnist frequently hobnobs with movie stars.
__7. We paid an expert to research our family’s genealogy.
__8. Entering into a rapprochement, the cousins continued their bitter fight.
__9. The producer wanted a young caste for his new musical.
__10. Arnold joined his company’s hierarchy when he became a vice-president.

III. Fill in the Blank
Insert one of the new words in the proper space in each sentence below.
1. At the highest ______in our company sit the founder and his two trusted advisers.
2. We formed a _______ group to avoid needless duplication among the three committees.
3. The former society reporter used to _______with the rich and famous.
4. Baseball managers strive to develop a winning ________in their locker room lectures.
5. Laden with floral displays, the funeral ____________ wound its way into the cemetery.
6. All members of the failed _________were arrested last night.
7. I picked up the phone in order to bring about a _________ with my twin sister.
8. A study of our __________revealed our descent from Spanish royalty.
9. Promoted to cardinal, the bishop became part of the church’s ________
10. As a member of the _____________group, Hedley was invited everywhere.

IV. What’s the Antonym?
Which of the new words is most nearly opposite in meaning to the one provided?
1. commoners ____________
2. dissension ____________
3. hostility ____________
4. parochial ____________
5. withdraw ____________
6. breaking off ____________
7. disorganization ____________
8. equality ____________
9. ill will ____________
10. unaffiliated ____________

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U1.L2. Appearances and Attitudes

1. Acidulous: somewhat acid or sour

2. Baleful: deadly; sinister.

3. Bellicose: warlike; of a quarrelsome nature

4. Bilious: bad-tempered; bitter. It comes form the French word bilis (“bile”), the fluid secreted by the liver

5. Bumptious: arrogant; disagreeably conceited.

6. Captious: critical; quick to find fault; quibbling.

7. Churlish: boorish; surly. This adjective comes from “churl,” the old word for a peasant.

8. Complaisant: willing to please; tending to consent to others’ wishes.

9. Contrite: crushed in spirit by a feeling of guilt.

10. Convivial: festive; sociable.

11. Craven: cowardly

12. Debonair: courteous, gracious and having a sophisticated charm; suave; urbane. In Old French the words were de bon aire (“of a good race or breed”)

13. Dyspeptic: grouchy; gloomy; a person who suffers from dyspepsia or indigestion.

14. Lachrymose: sad; mournful; inclined to shed many tears.

15. Neurasthenic: having emotional conflicts that lead to weakness and depression.

Exercises

I. Which Word Comes to Mind?
In each of the following, read the statement, then circle the word that comes to mind
1. A defendant’s attitude that impresses the jury (debonair, contrite, acidulous)
2. An ill-tempered waiter (complaisant, craven, churlish)
3. Physical ailments that stem from worry (baleful, neurasthenic, bumptious)
4. A person suffering from indigestion (dyspeptic, bellicose, captious)
5. An angry boss insulting his workers (lachrymose, bilious, convivial)
6. Someone with a chip on his or her shoulder (bellicose, craven, complaisant)
7. A tearful movie (captious, lachrymose, churlish)
8. Stealing from the blind man (bumptious, craven, dyspeptic)
9. After the prank, the college boys apologize (contrite, convivial, bilious)
10. Giving someone a hotfoot as a practical joke (churlish, debonair, acidulous)

II. True or False?
In the spaces provided, indicate whether each statement is true or false.
__1. A craven leader inspires respect in his followers.
__2. Citizens are pleased to see a criminal who is contrite.
__3. Captious people often split hairs.
__4. It’s difficult for a gawky 14-year-old to look debonair.
__5. By displaying proper etiquette, one can expect to be praised for one’s churlishness.
__6. The children’s lachrymose behavior at the funeral was understandable.
__7. Arthur’s bumptious remarks at the dinner embarrassed his roommate.
__8. We always maintained a bellicose relationship with our good neighbor, Canada.
__9. The acidulous reviews led the producers to close the play after two performances.
__10. The tone at most New Years parties is quite convivial.

III. Fill in the Blank
Insert one of the new words in the proper space in each sentence below.
1. The entire audience was sobbing as the curtain came down on the __________ending.
2. Some patriots labeled the refusal to join the army as a _________action.
3. I hate dining with ________people who criticize everything the chef prepares.
4. Our normally peaceful terrier turns ________whenever the letter carrier arrives.
5. The choral singing and the beautiful decorations lent a ________flavor to our party.
6. Mel was told that a psychiatrist might cure his _________symptoms.
7. Benjy’s __________attitude endeared him to his teammates.
8. At game time, the nervous coach displayed a ________ demeanor.
9. Rocco’s _______ glare intimidated me.
10. I like to tease __________ characters who are swollen by their imagined importance.

IV. What’s the Antonym?
Which of the new words is most nearly opposite in meaning to the one provided?
1. peaceful ____________
2. happy ____________
3. congenial ____________
4. contrary ____________
5. polite ____________
6. sweet-tempered ____________
7. humble ____________
8. well-mannered ____________
9. heroic ____________
10. well-adjusted ____________

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U1.L1. Words from Proper Names

1. Jingoist: One who boasts about his patriotism and favors a warlike foreign policy. In 1877, British Prime Minister Disraeli sent the fleet to Gallipoli to slow up the Russians. A singer wrote a ditty called “By Jingo” in honor of that action.

2. Lothario: rake; seducer; lover. Lothario was an amorous character in an eighteenth-century play. The Fair Penitent.

3. Maverick: one who acts independently. Samuel Maverick was a Texas rancher who refused to brand his cattle as others were doing.

4. Nemesis: Agent of retribution; just punishment. In Greek mythology, the goddess Nemesis punished pretentiousness with her swords and avenging wings.

5. Philanderer: one who makes love insincerely; one who engages in passing love affairs. The word comes from the Greek philandros (“man loving”) but gained its current usage because many English playwrights gave the name to their romantic leads.

6. Philippic: Bitter verbal attack. Philip II of Macedon wanted to make Greece into a monarchy. He was opposed by the great orator, Demosthenes, who denounced Philip in devastating speeches that came to be known as philippics.

7. Procrustean: designed to secure conformity; drastic. An ancient Greek robber named Procrustes tied his victims to a bed and then, to make them fit the bed, stretched the short ones and hacked off the limbs of the taller ones.

8. Protean: changeable; taking on different forms. In Greek mythology, Proteus was a sea god who could change his appearance at will.

9. Pyrrhic victory: a victory that is exceptionally costly. Pyrrhus defeated the Romans in 279 B.C. but his losses were terribly heavy.

10. Quixotic: romantically idealistic; impractical. The Spanish novelist, Cervantes, brought this word into our language when he wrote Don Quixote. His hero went forth foolishly to tilt against windmills and help the downtrodden.

11. Saturnine: sluggish; gloomy; grave. The planet Saturn is so far form the sun that it was thought to be cold and dismal.

12. Solecism: substandard use of words; violation of good manners. This word derives form the Greek inhabitants of the colony of Soloi who used a slangy dialect.

13. Spoonerism: an unintentional exchange of sounds. Reverend Spooner of New College, Oxford occasionally twisted his words around when he got excited so that “conquering kings: came out as “kinkering congs”

14. Sybarite: one who is fond of luxury and soft living. Sybaris was a fabulously wealthy Italian city, symbolic of the good life.

15. Tawdry: cheap; gaudy; showy. This word can be terraced to St. Audrey. Scarves called “St. Audrey’s laces” were sold in England where the local people changed the pronunciation to tawdry. The quality of the scarves, which at first was good, deteriorated, when they were mass produced for the peasant trade.

Exercises:
I. Which Word Comes to Mind?
In each of the following, read the statement, then circle the word that comes to mind.
1. You want to rip into your neighbor for his bigoted remarks.
(philanderer, philippic, protean)
2. A newspaper editorial calls for us to send the fleet to intimidate a Caribbean country.
(jingoism, spoonerism, solecism)
3. All the girls wear pantsuits except Betsy who prefers dresses
(maverick, saturnine, nemesis)
4. I heard of a scheme that would provide $10,000 for each American family.
(lothario, Pyrrhic victory, quixotic)
5. Everyone at the meeting was forced to change his or her mind in order to afree with the chairman’s philosophy.
(tawdry, sybarite, procrustean)
6. It’s unusual for a fashion editor to have such a gawdy taste in jewelry.
(tawdry, saturnine, protean)
7. Mark boasted of having been engaged seven times.
(philippic, lothario, jingoist)
8. The singer was fond of saying he always did it his way.
(maverick, solecism, spoonerism)
9. Rudy likes caviar and imported champagne.
(sybarite, nemesis, philanderer)
10. The senator blasted his opponent in a fiery speech.
(quixotic, procrustean, philippic)

II. True or False?
In the space provided, indicate whether each statement is true or false.

____ 1. No one welcomes a Pyrrhic victory.

____ 2. A jingoist is a hawk rather than a dove.

____ 3. “I don’t know nothing” is a spoonerism.

____ 4. A nemesis is something like a jinx.

____ 5. Going along with the majority is a maverick’s way.

____ 6. A tawdry garment is tasteful.

____ 7. By Ed’s saturnine expression, we knew that the news was bad.

____ 8. The prison diet of bread and water was in keeping with the sybarite’s lifestyle.

____ 9. The class was shocked at the professor’s use of a solecism.
____ 10. Placing a man on the moon was once considered a quixotic idea.

III. Fill in Blank.
Insert one of the new words in the proper space in each sentence below.
1. My cousin tried to diet, but desserts proved to be his _____________.
2. Charley, a born ______________, always votes against the majority.
3. The usually level-headed Kyra came up with a ___________ suggestion that was totally out of character.
4. Andrea thought she looked elegant, but we found her appearance to be _____________.
5. At the end of a one-hour _______________ against taxes, the candidate received thunderous applause.
6. The ______________ had contempt for anyone he thought lacked patriotic spirit.
7. After my tongue-tied ______________, I apologized to our hostess and left.
8. With fifty servants to wait on him, the Roman emperor was a true ____________.
9. Considering himself a ____________, Uncle Don proposed to every widow in town.
10. Myrtle’s _____________ expression was the result of a chronic stomach condition.

IV. What’s the Antonym?

Which of the new words is most nearly opposite in meaning to the one provided?

1. Conformist _____________
2. Eulogy _____________
3. Tasteful _____________
4. Lively _____________
5. Practical _____________
6. Constant _____________
7. Faithful husband _____________
8. Conservative _____________
9. Political Dove _____________
10. Democratic _____________

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